Grammar

• Letter (grámma)
  • Vowel (phōnḗnta)
  • Consonant (sýmphōnon)
  • Syllable (syllabḗ)
  • Word (léxis)
  • Sentence (lógos)
• Class (táxis)
  • Noun (ónoma)
  • Verb (rhḗma)
  • Participle (metochḗ)
  • Article (árthron)
  • Pronoun (antōnymía)
  • Preposition (próthesis)
  • Adverb (epírrhēma)
  • Conjuction (sýndesmos)
• Gender (génos)
  • Masculine (arsenicón)
  • Feminine (thēlycón)
  • Neutral (udèteron)
• Number (arithmós)
  • Singlular (enicós)
  • Dual (dyïcós)
  • Plural (plēthynticós)
• Case (ptō̂sis)
  • Nominative (onomasticḗ)
  • Genitive (genicḗ)
  • Dative (doticḗ)
  • Accusitive (ætiaticḗ)
  • Vocative (clēticḗ)
• Person (prosōpicós)
  • First (prō̂tos)
  • Second (deúteros)
  • Third (trítos)
• Accent (tónos)
  • ◌́ – Acute (oxī̂a)
  • ◌̂ – Circumflex (perispōménē)
  • ◌̀ – Grave (barī̂a)
  • ◌῾ – Rough Breath (dasỳ pneûma)
  • ◌᾿ – Smooth Breath (psīlòn pneûma)
  • ◌̈ – Trema (diǽresis)
• Punctuation (stigmḗ)
  • . – Period (telī́a)
  • ; – Semicolon (ánō telī́a)
  • , – Comma (cómma)

Letters

Alphabet

• ſ – Stylized s used in the middle of words in old English. It was combined with s—i.e. ſs was formed into ß—to create the German sharp s.

• ø – o with a stroke, used in some languages where oe would otherwise be.

• ◌̈ ◌̊ – Originally e (or o) written above the vowel to mark a change in pronounciation.

Codices are written in uncial (now called lowercase), with capitals (now called uppercase) used for chapter initial decoration. The terms upper- & lowercase are a result of printing presses.

According to Christians, Abraham, from Chaldæa, was the first to learn letters, which survives today as Syriac, & so also taught heiroglyphics to Ægypt. Cadmus, from Phœnecia, where Abrahahm lived, then brought letters to Greece, & again to the Italy.

But according to the gentiles, Hermes was the first to learn letters, who then taught it to Ægypt, & so on. They also credit Phœbus with some letters.

Aristophanes of Byzantium introduced accents & punctuation.

The Brachmic (now called Devanagari) & Arabic letters were formed from Syriac.

SS. Cyril & Methodius taught a form of Greek letters to the Slavs, further developed by SS. Gorazd, Clement, Naum, Angelar, & Sabbas of Ohrid, which survives as Slavic, also called Cyrillic.

The Assyrian cuneifrom would seem to have been formed from the Ægyptian heiroglyphics. Chinese han-tzu, in turn, would seem to have been formed from Assyrian cuneiform. This is my opinion.

Numerals

• For continued counting in Greek, prefix , to multiply the following number by 1,000. Further, place a number over M (for myriás) to multiply 10,000 by it: e.g. δΜʹ=10,000*4.

• For continued counting in Slavic, prefix ҂ to multiply the following number by 1,000, but also overlay ⃝ for 10,000, ҈ for 100,000, ҉ for 1,000,000, ꙰ for 10,000,000, ꙱ for 100,000,000, & ꙲ for 1,000,000,000.

• For continued counting in Latin, place ◌̅ over a numeral to multiply the number by 1,000: e.g. i̅v̅.=4*1,000.

• For fractional couning in Latin, append · for 1/12, : for 2/12, &c., s for 6/12, s· for 7/12, &c.

Pronounciation

• Read ice here as ‘ees’, & ox as ‘ooks’.
• Most vowels have been simplified to just e.
• In some places, a or e is pronounced as eí, & ch as tsh.

Consonants

Semivowels

Mutes

Vowels

Classes

Pronouns

Cases

References

• John of Damascus, St. “Philosophical Chapters” in: The Fount of Knowledge.
• Thrax, Dionysius. The Art of Grammar.
• Suda, the.
• Herodotus. The Histories.