Astronomy

• Heavens (uranō̂n)
• Firmament (steréōma)
• Stars (astḗr)
  • Zodiac (zōdiacós)
    • Ram (criós)
    • Bull (taûros)
    • Twins (dídymœ)
    • Crab (carcínos)
    • Virgin (parthénos)
    • Scales (zygós)
    • Scorpion (scorpíos)
    • Archer (toxótēs)
    • Capricorn (ægócerōs)
    • Aquarius (hydrochóos)
    • Fishes (ichthýes)
• Planets (planḗtēs)
  • Saturn (crónos)
  • Jupiter (zeús)
  • Mars (árēs)
  • Sun (hélios)
  • Venus (aphrodítē)
  • Mercury (hermē̂s)
  • Moon (selḗnē)
• Age (æṓn)
  • Time (chrónos)
  • Critical Time (cærós)
• Year (étos)
  • Seasons (epochḗ)
    • Spring (ánœxis)
    • Summer (théros)
    • Autumn (phthinópōro)
    • Winter (chīmṓn)
  • Months (mḗn)
  • Nights (nýx)
    • Evening (hespéra)
    • Supper (dīpnon)
    • Midnight (mesonýction)
    • Morning (órthros)
  • Days (hēméra)
    • Dawn (anatolḗ)
    • Dinner (áriston)
    • Noonday (mesēmbría)
    • Afternoon (opsíos)
  • Watchs (bígla)
  • Hours (hṓra)

Dinner is what is now called breakfast.

Age is the consumation & totality of all times, but time is a quantative measurement, whereas critical time is a qualitative one.

Heavens

The sphere of stars is called the firmament. That of the planets, the heavens. And of the elements, the earth. Each sphere of the heavens is itself called a heaven. The collection of all the spheres beyond that of water is sometimes also called the heavens, taken as a set of three: the spheres of air & fire, taken together as the first; all seven of the planets, the second; & the firmament, the third.

See the physics page for more about æther.

Some conceive the world as semi-concentric spheres moved around each other, where east & west, north & south, are intersecting circles. Some conceive the world as hemispheres instead, where east & west circle around north, & south, then, the extremity from the center. Christians say either view is acceptable, but Greeks only accept the spherical view. At any rate, each planet is moved in an additional sphere of its own within its respective sphere or hemisphere.

Stars

All the ancients were in harmony regarding the number of constellations: xlviij. No more nor less. There was disagreement regarding what those were, but not how many.

The Ægyptians called the 36 non-zodiac constellations decans (meaning ten) because each marked the passage of ten days. They then divided the constellations into twelve groups of four—one zodiac with three decans. An additional five—now five & a qaurter—days were added for a total of three-hundred & sixty-five days in the year. Thus, the decans told the days, & the zodia, the months.

The Persians distinguished a constellation called the bands from the fishes, & did not recognize the horse. Some Greeks did not distinguish the scales from the scorpion.

The first number is the count of stars in the constellation, the second, the count of unfigured stars, i.e., those not part of a constellation.

Northern Ecliptic

Northern Zodia

Southern Zodia

Southern Ecliptic

Many so-called constellations that are contemporaneously known are parts of these, e.g. the “southern cross” is the centaur’s right hindleg.

Note: Each of the twelve zodia has thirty degrees, ten for each decan, thus totalling three-hundred & sixty. Man, correspondingly, has two sets of twelve ribs, & three-hundred & sixty joints.

Planets

• Crosses were added to the planetary symbols sometime between 71st century AM.

The symbols for each are from Roman astronomy. Saturn’s & Jupiter’s are stylized initials—κρ & ζε, respectively—Mars’ is a spear & shield, Venus’, a hand-mirror, Mercury’s, a caduceus, the Sun’s & the Moon’s, a solar beam & lunar crescent respectively.

Year

• Olympiads—rendered as I Olympiad, II Olympiad, &c.—are four year intervals, so that II is four years after I.

Further, the year of months is counted from one of three points:

• March – i.e. the beginning of spring
• January – i.e. the change of consulship
• September – i.e. the start of the indiction

The ancients almost always counted the first way, while now it, with the second, is only used by the gentiles, & Christians use the third.

Seasons

Months

Although the months are evidently based on the zodia, this exact order of names originates from Romulus (4793 AM), at first being only ten months (March–December). Numa Pompilius (4837 AM), the second king of Rome, then added the other two. All of these had less days, & so intercalary months were inserted. Julias Cæsar added the days as we now have, & ceased the insertion of intercalary months, rather having February 24th doubled every four years.

See the Syriac page for the ancient Assyrian month names.

Days

The weekly cycle runs parallel across the months.

The names of the days comes from the planetary hours:

Each hour from evening is associated with a planet, cycling through them all then in seven hours, so that the day is named after the planet then associated with its first hour.

Hours

References

• John of Damascus, St. “An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith” in: The Fount of Knowledge.
• Ptolemy. Almagest.
• Aristotle. Meteorology.
• Plutarch. Parallel Lives.